Fig. 25 Fig. 22 Fig. 23 Fig. 24 incisors is still desired, it can still be safely accomplished if done in combination with a lower lingual corticotomy. This procedure allows for remarkable retroclination of the lower incisors without damaging the roots or compromising the peri-odontal prognosis. (Case 4: Lower Lingual Corticotomy Fig. 26) extraction of bicuspids is appropri-ate when treating orthodontic cases. Many cases will treat out easier, faster and better if bicuspids are removed rather than straining to get a non-extraction result. We have all attended lectures where a speaker scares prospective orthodontic clinicians by stating that extraction of bicuspids risks ruining a patient’s face. We must acknowledge that there are cases that should never get extractions. Fig. 26 But there are other cases where extraction of two or four bicuspids is fully appropriate and yields the best outcome. The author’s caution you to look more deeply into the notion that extraction of bicuspids ruins faces. It is simply not true if a case is diagnosed and managed properly! Surely, we have all seen (perhaps in our own practice) where cases treated non-extraction do not look good. They can be un-aesthetic, CONClUSION The purpose of these articles was to explain when, where and why 28 Fall 2018 JAOS