16. Singh GD. Outdated definition. Brit. Dent. J. 203(4), 174, 2007 17. Singh GD. On growth and treatment: the Spatial Matrix hypothesis. In McNamara J A Jr (ed). Growth and treatment. Cranio-facial growth series. Monograph 41 pp 197-239. Ann Arbor, USA: University of Michigan, 2004 18. Corruccini RS, Flander LB, Kaul SS. Mouth breathing, occlusion, and modernization in a north Indian popula-tion. An epidemiologic study. Angle Orthod. 1985;55(3):190-6 19. Moss M L, Young RW. A functional approach to craniology. Amer J Phys Anthropol 1960; 18: 281-292 20. van der Klaauw C J. Cerebral skull and facial skull. Arch Neerl Zool 1946; 7: 16-37 21. Singh GD, Olmos S. Use of a sibilant phoneme registration protocol to prevent upper airway collapse in patients with TMD. Sleep Breath. 11(4): 209-216, 2007 22. Singh GD and Krumholtz JA. Evaluation of changes in the upper airway following adult orthodontic treatment. World J Orthod. 2010 (in press) 23. Kent A. Catastrophic occlusion. Br Dent J 2006; 201: 418 24. Fuentes MA, Opperman LA, Buschang P, Bellinger LL, Carlson DS, Hinton RJ. Lateral functional shift of the mandible: Part II. Effects on gene expression in condylar cartilage. Am J Orthod Dentofa-cial Orthop. 2003;123(2):160-6 25. Burnett CA, Clifford TJ (1993) Closest speaking space during the production of sibilant sounds and its value in establish-ing the vertical dimension of occlusion. J Dent Res 72:964-67 26. Sandy JR. Signal transduction. Br J Orthod. 1998;25(4):269-74 27. Kokich VC. The biology of sutures. In: Craniosynostosis: Diagnosis, evaluation, and management. MM Cohen Jr (ed.), Raven Press, New York, 1986 28. Kambara T. Dentofacial changes produced by extraoral forward force in the Macaca irus. Am J Orthod. 1977;71(3):249-77 29. Yu JC, Borke JL, Zhang G.Brief synopsis of cranial sutures: optimization by adap-tation. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2004;11(4):249-55 30. Borke JL, Yu JC, Isales CM, Wagle N, Do NN, Chen JR, Bollag RJ. Tension-induced reduction in connexin 43 expression in cranial sutures is linked to transcriptional regulation by TBX2. Ann Plast Surg. 2003;51(5):499-504 31. Shore RC, Moxham BJ, Berkovitz BK. Changes in collagen fibril diameters in a lathyritic connective tissue. Connect Tissue Res. 1984;12(3-4):249-55 Acknowledgments I would like to thank the British Dental Journal and the Nature Publishing Group, London, UK for permission to re-publish References 13, 21 and 22 as shown in the Reference section. I would also like to thank Dr William Harris, DDS and Dr Gabriela Lipka, DDS for permission to include the cases presented. Conclusions í Functional appliances may be an historical misnomer, and these types of appliance may be preferentially referred to as Formational Appliances. í Formational Appliances rely upon epigenetic orthodontics, which is a physiologic process that involves bone develop-ment during tooth correction. í The molecular-morphologic basis of epigenetic orthodon-tics can be explained by the Spatial Matrix Hypothesis. í Clinically, this protocol is implemented by Founda-tional (skeletal-dental) correc-tion with direct or indirect Functional (myo-spatial) correction. í These clinical protocols rely upon the natural process of sutural homeostasis, which is encoded by genes, and through which an enhanced level of craniofacial homeosta-sis can be achieved. 26 November/December 2010 JAOS References 1. British Orthodontic Society Home Page www.bos.org.uk 2. www.joemitchellorthodontics.com/treat-ment/dictionary.html 3. www.braces.org/healthcareprofessionals/ dentists/glossary/F.cfm 4. British Dental Health Foundation Home Page www.dentalhealth.org.uk 5. Kalaf and Mattick, University of Newcas-tle upon Tyne, UK 6. Singh GD and Clark WJ. Localization of mandibular changes in patients with Class II division 1 malocclusions treated using Twin Block appliances: finite-element modeling. Am J Orthod Dento-facial Orthop. 119(4), 419-425, 2001 7. Voudouris JC, Woodside DG, Altuna G, Angelopoulos G, Bourque PJ, Lacouture CY, Kuftinec MM. Condyle-fossa modifi-cations and muscle interactions during Herbst treatment, Part 2. Results and conclusions. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003;124(1):13-29 8. American Association of Orthodontists www.braces.org 9. Gen FA www.brace4success.com 10. Canadian Association of Orthodontists Homepage www.cao-aco.org 11. Singh GD and Krumholtz JA. Epigenetic orthodontics in adults. Appliance Ther-apy Group, Chatsworth, CA. 2009 12. Australian Society of Orthodontists www.aso.org.au 13. Mascia VE. Columbia University USA 14. Ritto AK. Fixed Functional Appliances -A classification (updated) http://www.oc-j.com/june01/rittoffa.htm 15. Singh GD and Lipka G. Case Report: Introducing the Wireframe DNA appli-anceTM. J Am Acad Gnathol Orthop. 26(4); 8-11, 2009
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